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Climate
Distribution of Temperature, Rainfall, winds in Summer and Winter and factors affecting the climate of the area. Monsoon and its mechanism. Seasons: March to May – Summer; June to September – Monsoon; October to November - Retreating Monsoon. December to February – Winter.
Soil Resources
Types of soil (alluvial, black, red and laterite) distribution, composition
and characteristics such as colour, texture, minerals and crops
associated.
Soil Erosion – causes, prevention and conservation.
Natural Vegetation
Importance of forests.
Types of vegetation (tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, tropical
desert, littoral and mountain), distribution and correlation with their
environment.
Forest conservation.
Water Resources
Sources (Surface water and ground water).
Need for conservation and conservation practices (Rain water harvesting and
its importance).
Irrigation: Importance and methods.
Mineral and Energy Resources
Iron ore, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite – uses and their
distribution. Conventional Sources: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas
(distribution, advantages and disadvantages).
Hydel power (Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud).
Non-conventional Sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, nuclear and
bio-gas (generation and advantages).
Agriculture
Indian Agriculture – importance, problems and reforms.
Types of farming in India: subsistence and commercial: shifting, intensive,
extensive, plantation and mixed.
Agricultural seasons (rabi, kharif, zayad).
Climatic conditions, soil requirements, methods of cultivation, processing
and distribution of the following crops: - rice, wheat, millets and pulses. -
sugarcane, oilseeds (groundnut, mustard and soya bean). - cotton, jute, tea
and coffee.
Manufacturing Industries
Importance and classification
Agro based Industry - Sugar, Textile (Cotton and Silk).
Mineral based Industry – Iron & Steel (TISCO, Bhilai, Rourkela,
Vishakhapatnam) Petro Chemical and Electronics.
Transport
Importance and Modes – Roadways, Railways, Airways and Waterways –-
Advantages and disadvantages.
Waste Management
Impact of waste accumulation - spoilage of landscape, pollution, health
hazards, effect on terrestrial, aquatic (fresh water and marine) life.
Need for waste management.
Methods of safe disposal -segregation, dumping and composting.
Need and methods for reducing, reusing and recycling waste.
Toppers Choice
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Climate of India✔
Soil Resources✔
Natural Vegetation
Water Resources
Transport✔
Waste Management✔
Agriculture in India
Minerals in India✔
Industries in India- Agro Based Industries✔
Industries in India- Mineral Based Industries✔
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